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Plato usually writes of four virtues: courage, godliness, righteousness and temperance, but both he and Aristotle recognised that righteousness is actually the same thing as areté—the whole principle of political and moral virtue. Lean Logic’s summary of the Greek virtues is open to criticism on the grounds that (a) it has “fortitude” instead of the more usual “courage”; and (b) it changes the order. In the Republic, Plato has “philosophical wisdom” instead of godliness. For a discussion of these matters, see Werner Jaeger (1935), Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture, pp 103–105.

David Fleming
Dr David Fleming (2 January 1940 – 29 November 2010) was a cultural historian and economist, based in London, England. He was among the first to reveal the possibility of peak oil's approach and invented the influential TEQs scheme, designed to address this and climate change. He was also a pioneer of post-growth economics, and a significant figure in the development of the UK Green Party, the Transition Towns movement and the New Economics Foundation, as well as a Chairman of the Soil Association. His wide-ranging independent analysis culminated in two critically acclaimed books, 'Lean Logic' and 'Surviving the Future', published posthumously in 2016. These in turn inspired the 2020 launches of both BAFTA-winning director Peter Armstrong's feature film about Fleming's perspective and legacy - 'The Sequel: What Will Follow Our Troubled Civilisation?' - and Sterling College's unique 'Surviving the Future: Conversations for Our Time' online courses. For more information on all of the above, including Lean Logic, click the little globe below!

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