r48.
Marten Scheffer, “Alternative States and Regime Shifts in Ecosystems”, p 398. Holling and colleagues’ verbatim definition of resilience is “the capacity of a system to experience disturbance and still maintain its ongoing functions and controls. A measure of resilience is the magnitude of disturbance that can be experienced without the system flipping into another state or stability domain.” This is taken from C.S. Holling, Stephen R. Carpenter, William A. Brock and Lance H. Gunderson, “Discoveries for Sustainable Futures”, in Lance H. Gunderson and C.S. Holling, eds. (2002), Panarchy. The key influence of this work in the following discussion of resilience is acknowledged, but it bears no responsibility for the suggested distinction between recovery-elastic resilience and preventive resilience.