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David Fleming
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Editor’s note: David Fleming’s former colleague Lawrence Woodward offers the following comment: “Genetic modification” and “genetic engineering” are sometimes used interchangeably, but there The European Union definition is in article 2(2) of Directive 2001/18/EC: “genetically modified organism (GMO) means an organism, with the exception of human beings, in which the genetic material has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination”. has been controversy over the terms. “Modification” implies a relationship with traditional plant breeding, which is often claimed by protagonists, whilst “engineering” indicates a novel and new technological approach, which critics argue is problematic and requires robust evaluation and regulation.

David Fleming
Dr David Fleming (2 January 1940 – 29 November 2010) was a cultural historian and economist, based in London, England. He was among the first to reveal the possibility of peak oil's approach and invented the influential TEQs scheme, designed to address this and climate change. He was also a pioneer of post-growth economics, and a significant figure in the development of the UK Green Party, the Transition Towns movement and the New Economics Foundation, as well as a Chairman of the Soil Association. His wide-ranging independent analysis culminated in two critically acclaimed books, 'Lean Logic' and 'Surviving the Future', published posthumously in 2016. These in turn inspired the 2020 launches of both BAFTA-winning director Peter Armstrong's feature film about Fleming's perspective and legacy - 'The Sequel: What Will Follow Our Troubled Civilisation?' - and Sterling College's unique 'Surviving the Future: Conversations for Our Time' online courses. For more information on all of the above, including Lean Logic, click the little globe below!

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