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Editor’s note: Fleming wrote this content before his death in 2010. In 2013 the European Union, pending the outcome of further research into the impacts on pollinators, voted for a two-year EU-wide moratorium on the use of three of the five neonicotinoids, including imidacloprid, on flowering crops attractive to bees. See, e.g., Charlotte McDonald-Gibson, “‘Victory for bees’ as European Union bans neonicotinoid pesticides blamed for destroying bee population”, The Independent, 29 April 2013.
In July 2015 120-day emergency derogations from the ban were issued to specific areas in England due to oilseed rape crops threatened by the flea beetle. See, e.g., “Ban lifted on controversial ‘neonic’ pesticide”, BBC News, 23 July 2015, available at www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-33641646 .